Free Trade and Fair Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Free Trade and Fair Trade - Essay Example This unequivocal position, he views any and all tariffs as anathema to the enjoyment of the benefits of free trade, and an injustice to the consumer who deserves access to the best valued goods and services at the most economical prices. Milton believes that the consumer’s interest is paramount, and any other policy consideration inconsistent-valued his interest is distortionary. An interesting assertion in the article is the principle attributed by Friedman to Adam Smith, that citizens from a nation benefit from importing as much as it can and exporting as little as possible. Friedman interprets this as getting as much value as possible with deploying as little, thus accumulating value within the country’s borders. Fried Fair Trade. Stiglitz and Charlton proceed on the premise that trade can be a positive force for development. However, it is their position that liberalization should be carefully managed. The position of Stiglitz and Charlton is that the Washington Con sensus prescribed developing countries to expeditiously adopt a system of reduced tariffs and trade barriers, entailed unforeseen cost to these countries in what amounted to the unwarranted rapid and indiscriminate liberalization of their markets. The undue haste and lack of careful stewardship in the adoption of free trade policies have resulted to an unfair advantage on the part of developed countries. For instance, after the Uruguay Round, developed countries came away with a disproportionately greater part of the gains particularly on the issues of the reduction of textile protection and of tariff and subsidy reduction on agricultural goods. This left developing countries at a gross disadvantage for which they met succeeding trade negotiations with much less enthusiasm and volition.

Honorifics Similarities of the Guugu Yimidhirr and Japanese Languages Essay

Honorifics Similarities of the Guugu Yimidhirr and Japanese Languages - Essay Example One of the most intriguing qualities of the Guugu Yimidhirr language is its honorific system; in other words, the way in which deference is paid to certain members of the family or the society with the use of a specific word over another. In particular, the honorific system requires the use of deference words and tone to a brother-in-law or father-in-law. The Japanese and Guugu Yimidhir languages were born for essentially the same purpose: to solidify a social structure that organically evolved to support a burgeoning community and, eventually, a larger nation. Where the Guugu Yimidhirr language has maintained its more traditional deference language primarily for use in speaking to brothers- and fathers- in law who in turn provide essential services for the community, Japanese culture has evolved and with it the use of deferential language for business purposes. Whorfian theory can be used in terms of the Aboriginal group, however Japanese language has not been a mirror unto itself a nd has changed to accommodate the needs of its society. The function of the honorifics within the Guugu Yimidhirr language is to essentially uphold an established social structure. The culture of these people is such that a certain stratification is basic to the continuation of the societal framework: deference must be paid to those members of society who are, in terms of the culture, of higher importance and reverence within the community and the society on the whole. Brothers-in-law and fathers-in-law are considered honorable members of the community in that they are wise and instrumental to the running of day-to-day life. This is a generally accepted view of Guugu Yimidhirr, with many subscribers to the idea that the language is what the society was initially, and now is, fixed upon. In contrast to this theory, however, Foley suggests that the key to understanding the use of honorifics within this particular language is to bring the Whorfian theories into play; in short, to examine the idea that the words used in context are not merely a product of initial societal roles but that they are currently responsible for shaping the worldview of the Guugu Yimidhirr themselves (Foley 1997). Being raised in an environment where it is socially unacceptable to say Balin-ga (porcupine) to your father- or brother-in-law instead of the deferential nhalngarr (Shopen 1979) means that children are acculturated to believe in the existing social structures and to use them with little resistance. Shopen points out that the deferential vocabulary within Guugu Yimidhirr is not a substantial sub-language, but instead a special set of words and phrases that are interchangeable with parts of the regular language. This is notable because it shows that the social structure is not completely, strictly stratified, but that it merely demands a level of respect for those on whom the community depends. Modern Japanese Honorifics The Japanese language today is another, like Guugu Yimidhirr, that has evolved over centuries and in doing so has developed and maintained honorifics. The three specific levels of Japanese honorifics, delineated by linguists, are Polite, Respectful and Humble Language. Teineigo, or Polite Language, is marked by the use of special sentence and verb endings: desu and masu, respectively (Maynard 1997). This is the language version taught to non-native speakers of Japanese. Sonkeigo, or Respectful Language, is used in reference to superiors and is characterized by the use of alternate words. For example, instead of using the verb suwaru as would be done when referring to oneself sitting down, the phrase o kake ni natte kudasai is used to ask someone in a superior position (this includes customers)